Paralytic rabies in a goat
拉丁美洲的牛經常出現狂犬病，但在山羊中並不常見。 關於影響山羊的狂犬病的臨床報告很少，研究顯示山羊也會遭狂犬病感染。蝙蝠是許多人畜共患病毒的宿主，它們攜帶的病毒識別很重要。本研究旨在利用高通量篩選鑑定台灣食蟲蝙蝠洞穴糞便中的病毒，以獲得有關東亞蝙蝠衍生病原病毒的更多訊息。從台灣的兩個洞穴收集排遺，進行基於Multiplex PCR的次世代測序以進行病毒鑑定。經過逆轉錄PCR檢測並確認腦心肌炎病毒（EMCV）序列。 EMCV被認為是囓齒動物病毒，此外進一步利用細胞色素氧化酶I（COI）條形碼進行動物物種鑑定以鑑定病毒來源。最後，還確定了從日本和韓國洞穴獲得的排遺中EMCV存在的分佈和驗證。我們得出的結論是，東部的翅東亞摺翅蝠（Miniopterus fuliginosus）可能是東亞EMCV的天然宿主之一。 在2006 - 2017年期間，所有蝙蝠物種的RABV陽性率為6.0％（176 / 2,928）。在大棕蝠（Eptesicus fuscus）中最高。年度的增加趨勢僅對大棕蝠具有顯著性（P = 0.02），並且與地理群集有關。RABV陽性結果與非人類、異常行為、異常隱藏、受傷、咬傷、在水體中發現，在戶外發現並被狗捕獲顯著相關。
被動監測RABV提供公共衛生當局能夠進行更準確的風險評估。蝙蝠物種RABV陽性時間和空間趨勢的差異表明收集分類學數據的重要性，儘管某些Myotis物種的形態學鑑定可能不可靠。應保持目前RABV暴露的公共衛生規範，因為如果沒有診斷測試，蝙蝠中的RABV感染絕不能排除。
澳洲蝙蝠麗沙病毒病毒（ABLV）與典型狂犬病毒密切相關，且與澳洲的三人死亡和兩匹馬死亡有關。人類ABLV感染引起腦脊髓炎，導致致命疾病，但沒有有效的治療方法。病毒在狐（Pteropid spp。）和至少一種食蟲蝙蝠（Saccolaimus flaviventris）中有被發現。實驗室測試是被人咬傷、抓傷和其他直接接觸蝙蝠的，及對生病或死亡蝙蝠的蝙蝠大腦上進行的。醫學乾預和暴露後預防的水平在很大程度上取決於抗原/病毒的實驗室測試，作為接觸蝙蝠的可證明的感染狀態。本研究評估了橫向流動試驗Anigen Rabies Ag檢測快速試驗（RDT）在ABLV感染的蝙蝠腦組織的翼足類變體中的比較診斷性能。 RDT證實與43個臨床樣品的參考標準熒光抗體測試100％一致，表明可能用於快速診斷ABLV感染的翼足類變體。加權Kappa值為0.95證實了兩個測試之間的高度一致性。
VJ Brookes, GS Gill, CK Singh, BS Sandhu, NK Dhand… - Zoonoses and Public Health ... 1 INTRODUCTION. There are 12 reported species of RNA viruses in the Lyssavirus genus
(King, 2011), each with zoonotic potential. Of these, canine rabies (caused by classical rabies
virus [CRV], or genotype 1) has the highest impact on human health. ...
CP Mulipukwa, B Mudenda, AR Mbewe - PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2017 ... Human rabies is mostly due to dog-transmitted rabies virus (RABV) [5] which is an RNA virus
of the Rhabdoviridae family genus Lyssavirus [6]. Following invasion of the central nervous system,
rabies infection progresses rapidly [7] and death due to respiratory failure or cardiac ...
T Matsumoto, S Nanayakkara, D Perera, S Ushijima… - Japanese Journal of Infectious … ... Sri Lanka. However, recently a novel lyssavirus named Gannoruwa bat lyssavirus, closely related
to RABV has been reported in a P. medius from Sri Lanka (3). In the ... 3. Gunawardena PS, Marston
DA, Ellis RJ, et al. Lyssavirus in Indian Flying Foxes, Sri Lanka. ...
L Begeman, C GeurtsvanKessel, S Finke, CM Freuling… - The Lancet Infectious …, 2017 ... Rabies is caused by lyssavirus infection. There are 16 recognised or putative
lyssavirus species, seven of which are known to cause rabies in human
beings.7–9 Although these viruses differ genetically, they all infect the CNS. ...
T Nokireki - Evira Research Reports, 2017 European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) was first isolated in Finland from a Daubenton's bat
(Myotis daubentonii) in 2009. Rabies in bats was already suspected in 1985, when a Swiss
biologist died in Finland of lyssavirus infection, later identified as EBLV-2 infection. However,
S Åkerblom, J de Jong - Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and …, 2017 … Sweden. Fur samples were collected in conjunction with annual surveil- lance for
the prevalence of bat lyssavirus type 2. Bats were classified as either juvenile or
adult based on examination of finger bones (Anthony 1988) …
I Rahmadane, AF Certoma, GR Peck, Y Fitria, J Payne… - PLoS neglected tropical …, 2017 … Introduction Rabies is a lethal zoonotic viral disease caused by a member of the Lyssavirus genus
within the Rhabdoviridae family. Dog bites are responsible for transmission of rabies to humans
in 99% of all mortalities and for 90% of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) globally …
E Robardet, C Borel, M Moinet, D Jouan… - PLOS Neglected Tropical …, 2017 Abstract This study describes two longitudinal serological surveys of European Bat
Lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) antibodies in serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) maternity
colonies located in the North-East of France. This species is currently considered as the
M Smreczak, A Marzec, A Orłowska, P Trębas… - Vaccine, 2017 Rabies is invariably fatal, when post-exposure prophylaxis is administered after the onset
of clinical symptoms. In many countries, rabies awareness is very low.
Deadly human link ends with horse vaccine for Hendra virusBats, emerging infectious diseases, and the rabies paradigm revisitedvan V. Kuzmin1*, Brooke Bozick2, Sarah A. Guagliardo2, Rebekah Kunkel2, Joshua R. Shak2, Suxiang Tong1 and Charles E. Rupprecht1 1Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; 2Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Abstract The significance of bats as sources of emerging infectious diseases has been increasingly appreciated, and new data have been accumulated rapidly during recent years. For some emerging pathogens the bat origin has been confirmed (such as lyssaviruses, henipaviruses, coronaviruses), for other it has been suggested (filoviruses). Several recently identified viruses remain to be ‘orphan’ but have a potential for further emergence (such as Tioman, Menangle, and Pulau viruses). In the present review we summarize information on major bat-associated emerging infections and discuss specific characteristics of bats as carriers of pathogens (from evolutionary, ecological, and immunological positions). We also discuss drivers and forces of an infectious disease emergence and describe various existing and potential approaches for control and prevention of such infections at individual, populational, and societal levels. Keywords: bats; Chiroptera; emerging infectious disease; rabies; lyssavirus; coronavirus; filovirus; henipavirus; prevention; control
Received: 5 April 2011; Revised: 31 May 2011; Accepted: 31 May 2011; Published: 20 June 2011 Citation: Emergency Health Threats Journal 2011, 4: 7159 - DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7159 
文獻連結： http://www.eht-journal.net/index.php/ehtj/article/view/7159/8775
Human antibody fends off Hendra virusThursday, 20 October 2011
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/10/20/3344094.htm
AFP
 The Hendra virus is thought to be spread to horses via half-chewed fruit, or water and food contaminated by bats' droppings (iStockphoto: Craig Dingle) A human antibody has been shown to protect lab monkeys from a deadly bat-borne virus that has killed several people and dozens of horses since it was discovered in Australia in 1994, say US scientists. The latest outbreak of Hendra virus has killed 20 horses in New South Wales and Queensland since June, but no humans. However four of the seven people ever to have contracted the disease have died. The research, described in the journal Science Translational Medicine , was done at a highly protected lab in Montana, where 14 African green monkeys were injected with Hendra virus. Twelve of the monkeys were then treated with a human antibody called m102.4, and they all survived while the untreated pair died. Earlier experiments on smaller animals have also shown efficacy from the antibody against Hendra virus. After the US study on monkeys concluded in 2010, the antibody was injected in a woman and her 12-year-old daughter in Australia last year after the girl's horse died last year from a Hendra infection. While the two survived with no side effects from the treatment, scientists say more research needs to be done before the antibody can be used as a widespread remedy. "This is a very promising therapy, especially when you consider that it was still strong three days later," says lead author Thomas Geisbert of the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. "What's also interesting is that this antibody has strong activity against Nipah virus as well, which is extremely similar to Hendra." Bats, horses and humansThe Hendra virus, which kills about 60 per cent of those it infects, is thought to be spread to horses via half-chewed fruit, or water and food contaminated by bats' droppings. Horses can then spread it to humans, though no person-to-person transmission cases have been documented. However, Nipah virus, which emerged in 1998 in Malaysia and has been detected in Bangladesh and India, appears to infect humans more easily than Hendra and can be transmitted from person to person. Nipah virus has infected 475 humans and killed 251 of them, according to the World Health Organization's latest data in 2008. There is no licensed treatment or vaccine for either the Hendra or Nipah viruses. The fruit bats that carry the disease are found mainly in Australia but have also been tracked to parts of Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The research was done in collaboration with Rocky Mountain Laboratories, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the National Cancer Institute, and the Boston University School of Medicine. Tags: vaccines-and-immunity, mammals, hendra-virus-infection http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/10/20/3344094.htm
施打人類抗體 亨德拉病毒有解 法新社 – 2011年10月20日 下午11:20 （法新社華盛頓19日電） 美國科學家今天表示，研究顯示，1種人類抗體能使實驗室裡的猴子免於感染源自蝙蝠的致命性病毒亨德拉。 亨德拉病毒自1994年於澳洲現蹤後，已導致數人與數十匹馬死亡。 最近再度爆發的亨德拉病毒自6月以來，已造成澳洲新南威爾斯（New South Wales）與昆士蘭（Queensland）有20匹馬死亡，不過無人喪命。 然而曾感染亨德拉病毒的7個人中，已有4人身亡。 根據「科學轉譯醫學」期刊（ScienceTranslational Medicine），這項研究在蒙大拿（Montana）高度防備的實驗室中進行，研究人員將亨德拉病毒
注射到14隻非洲綠猴身上。其中12隻綠猴接著接受人類抗體m102.4治療，並全數存活，而未接受m102.4治療的剩下2隻綠猴，則難逃一死。
先前也有實驗發現，m102.4能幫助小動物對抗亨德拉病毒。
這項針對猴子進行的美國研究於2010年做出結論後，1名接觸到亨德拉病毒的澳洲婦女與其12歲女兒，為尋求緊急防護，接受了m102.4注射。
這對母女接受m102.4治療後，都保住一命，且未出現副作用。科學家表示，在m102.4抗體成為廣泛療法前，還需進行更多研究。（譯者：中央社蔡佳伶）
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